Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Graphene-Based Nanosystem for Targeted Delivery of Anti-Sense miRNA-21 on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms27020975

Figure Lengend Snippet: Cell viability of HepG2 cells after treatment with graphene oxide, antisense miRNA-21 and GO–antisense miRNA-21 nanosystems. ( A ) Viability (%) after 24 h exposure to increasing concentrations of GO (5–50 µg/mL), measured by MTT assay, untreated cells were used as control. ( B ) Analysis of cell viability after 24 h following treatment with GO (10 µg/mL), antisense miRNA-21 (5 pmol/mL), and GO–antisense miRNA-21 (10 µg/mL GO + 5 pmol/mL antisense). Data are expressed as percentage relative to untreated control cells. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n = 3). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. Asterisks indicate statistical significance: **** p < 0.0001. Horizontal lines above bars indicate the groups being compared. Abbreviation: Electroporation CTR: electroporation control.

Article Snippet: HepG2 human liver carcinoma cells (ATCC ® HB-8065TM) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.

Techniques: MTT Assay, Control, Electroporation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Graphene-Based Nanosystem for Targeted Delivery of Anti-Sense miRNA-21 on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms27020975

Figure Lengend Snippet: Evaluation of cellular uptake efficiency of GO, antisense miRNA-21, and GO–antisense miRNA-21 nanosystems in HepG2 cells. ( A ) Flow cytometry analysis of HepG2 cells treated with FITC-labeled GO, antisense miRNA-21, and GO–antisense miRNA-21 for 24 h. The x-axis represents FITC fluorescence intensity, corresponding to the intracellular uptake level of the labeled constructs. Fluorescence intensity was measured to determine the proportion of FITC-positive cells. ( B ) Confocal microscopy imaging of FITC-labeled (green color) constructs in HepG2 cells after 24 h incubation. Cells were counterstained with DAPI (nuclei- blue color) and ActinRed (cytoskeleton-red color). Scale bar: 50 µm. ( C ) Quantitative analysis by flow cytometry showing the percentage of FITC-positive cells after treatment with GO, antisense miRNA-21, and the GO-antisense complex. Data are presented as mean ± SEM.

Article Snippet: HepG2 human liver carcinoma cells (ATCC ® HB-8065TM) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.

Techniques: Flow Cytometry, Labeling, Fluorescence, Construct, Confocal Microscopy, Imaging, Incubation

Journal: International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Article Title: Graphene-Based Nanosystem for Targeted Delivery of Anti-Sense miRNA-21 on Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells

doi: 10.3390/ijms27020975

Figure Lengend Snippet: Quantitative real-time PCR analysis of miRNA expression and pro-inflammatory and tumor-related gene expression in HepG2 cells. ( A ) Transcriptional levels of miRNA-21 in untreated HepG2 cells and in cells treated with GO (10 µg/mL) and with Antisense miRNA-21 (5 pmol/mL) for 24 h. ( B ) Transcriptional levels of IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1, TIMP-2 and NF-κB in HepG2 cells. The cells were untreated and treated with GO (10 µg/mL) and GO-antisense miRNA-21 (GO 10 µg/mL + antisense miRNA-21 5 pmol/mL) for 24 h. After, the cells were collected for total RNA extraction. The transcriptional levels of the considered genes were analyzed by calculating the value of 2 −ΔΔCt . The assay was performed in triplicate ± SD and expressed as a fold change over the housekeeping genes. **** p < 0.0001; *** p < 0.001; ** p < 0.01; * p < 0.05.

Article Snippet: HepG2 human liver carcinoma cells (ATCC ® HB-8065TM) were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin/streptomycin.

Techniques: Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction, Expressing, Gene Expression, RNA Extraction

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: Plasmodium DNA ligase I is essential for parasite blood- and liver-stage development

doi: 10.1128/msphere.00674-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pb Lig1 is essential for parasite development in the liver. ( A ) HepG2 cells were infected with either UIS4/Flp or Pb Lig1 cKO sporozoites. Infected cultures were fixed at the indicated time points post-infection and immunostained with an anti-UIS4 antibody to visualize EEFs. ( B ) EEF area was comparable at 24 hpi ( P = 0.2500) and 36 hpi ( P = 0.1840), but was significantly reduced in Pb Lig1 cKO parasites at 55 hpi (**** P < 0.0001). Data represent the mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. ( C ) Quantification of EEF numbers at 24, 36, and 55 hpi revealed no significant differences between UIS4/Flp and Pb Lig1 cKO parasites (24 hpi, P = 0.6063; 36 hpi, P = 0.9036; 55 hpi, P = 0.9929; one-way ANOVA).

Article Snippet: Human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells (ATCC) were used for in vitro infection of sporozoites.

Techniques: Infection

Journal: mSphere

Article Title: Plasmodium DNA ligase I is essential for parasite blood- and liver-stage development

doi: 10.1128/msphere.00674-25

Figure Lengend Snippet: Pb Lig1 is essential for nuclear division and merozoite development. ( A ) HepG2 cells infected with UIS4/Flp or Pb Lig1 cKO sporozoites were fixed at 62 hpi and immunostained with anti-UIS4 and anti-MSP1 antibodies. UIS4/Flp parasites exhibited robust MSP1 staining, indicative of merozoite formation, whereas Pb Lig1 cKO parasites lacked MSP1 signal, suggesting a block in merozoite development. ( B ) Quantification of nuclear number at 55 hpi. Nuclei were manually counted in ImageJ-analyzed images. Pb Lig1 cKO EEFs displayed a significantly reduced number of nuclei compared to UIS4/Flp (**** P < 0.0001, unpaired t -test). ( C ) Quantification of DNA content using Hoechst 33342 staining at 36 hpi and 55 hpi. UIS4/Flp and Pb Lig1 cKO EEFs were fixed and immunostained with anti-UIS4 and anti-MSP1 antibodies. Nuclear DNA within the PV was quantified by calculating corrected total cell fluorescence (CTCF) from Hoechst signal. Data represent 43 (UIS4/Flp 36 hpi), 47 ( Pb Lig1 cKO 36 hpi), 60 (UIS4/Flp 55 hpi), and 60 ( Pb Lig1 cKO 55 hpi) individual EEFs. No significant difference in CTCF was observed at 36 hpi ( P = 0.0693), while a significant reduction was detected in Pb Lig1 cKO parasites at 55 hpi (**** P < 0.0001, unpaired t -test), n.s., not significant. Data are shown as mean ± SD from two independent biological replicates.

Article Snippet: Human liver hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells (ATCC) were used for in vitro infection of sporozoites.

Techniques: Infection, Staining, Blocking Assay, Fluorescence

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Mitigating Chloramphenicol induced liver toxicity by exploring the therapeutic potential of Astaxanthin and Quercetin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08809-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Graphs A–C show ATP-based cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells exposed to chloramphenicol alone ( A ) or co-treated with Astaxanthin ( B ) or Quercetin ( C ). IC₅₀ values were calculated using non-linear regression. Graph D compares ROS levels across treatment groups, including untreated (negative control) and Rotenone-treated (positive control) cells. Co-treatment with Astaxanthin (AXN) or Quercetin (QRN) significantly reduced ROS production compared to chloramphenicol (CMP) alone. Data are presented as mean ± SEM ( n = 3). Statistical comparisons were performed using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett’s post-test ( p < 0.005 vs. CMP).

Article Snippet: Human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) were procured from ATCC (USA).

Techniques: Negative Control, Positive Control

Journal: Scientific Reports

Article Title: Mitigating Chloramphenicol induced liver toxicity by exploring the therapeutic potential of Astaxanthin and Quercetin

doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-08809-2

Figure Lengend Snippet: Graphs demonstrating the fold change representing relative gene expression for selected genes using RT-qPCR in HepG2 cells. The gene expression was checked for controls, in response to chloramphenicol alone, or in combination with astaxanthin or quercetin. Results are presented as means ± SEM, where n = 3. Significance levels are indicated as ***P value < 0.001 vs. control and ***P value < 0.003 Chloramphenicol Vs Antioxidants (one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni’s post-test).

Article Snippet: Human liver carcinoma cells (HepG2) were procured from ATCC (USA).

Techniques: Gene Expression, Quantitative RT-PCR, Control

Journal: Discover Oncology

Article Title: Isosilybin B: a potential novel therapeutic agent with hepatoprotective, anticancer and antifibrotic properties

doi: 10.1007/s12672-025-03380-8

Figure Lengend Snippet: Effect of IB/SB/SM on cytotoxicity and cell cycle arrest of liver cells. A : Chemical structure of IB and SB (silybin A and silybin B in ratio 1:1). Cytotoxicity in Hepa1-6 ( B ), HepG2 ( C ) or AML12 ( D ) liver cells after 24 h treatment with IB/SB/SM. Changes in the cell cycle in Hepa1-6 ( E ), HepG2 ( F ), or AML12 ( G ) liver cells after 24 h treatment with 31.3 µg/mL of IB/SB/SM. H : Cell distribution of diploid cells in the phases of the cell cycle shown for IB (31.3 µg/mL). The data are given as means ± SD. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

Article Snippet: Human liver hepatocellular carcinoma cell line HepG2 (RRID: CVCL_0027, ATCC, USA) was cultivated in RPMI medium supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin-streptomycin.

Techniques: